A growing number of ammunition manufacturers include copper in shot shells. It makes sense, after all, copper is harder than many other materials. The increased hardness prevents deformation, increases aerodynamic performance and ensures tighter patterns. Plus, range testing has shown copper provides better penetration than either lead or steel. So, what is the problem? Your copper shot may not be legal, at least not when hunting migratory birds.

Copper shot has been approved since 1986. This is because copper, like lead, can be toxic to waterfowl and aquatic life. However, there are copper varieties approved by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and listed in 50 CFR 20.134. These include copper-clad iron, tungsten-bronze, and tungsten-iron-copper-nickel. This is because each is a metal composite that may contain varying percentages of copper but has not been shown to be toxic.

Only one pure-copper shot type has been approved: corrosion-inhibited copper. Although this shot is pure copper, an external coating of benzotriazole & thermoplastic contains the copper and prevents exposure to the environment.

As per 50 CFR 20.134, all shot types must be approved by USFW and listed in 50 CFR 20.21(j)(1) TABLE OF APPROVED SHOT TYPES. Regardless of whether a new or existing shot meets the approved copper percentages and exterior coating requirements or has been previously approved, if it is not listed on the current table, its use is prohibited.

Due to repeated questions from hunters, USFWS recently released an agency-wide statement regarding copper shot. The subject was Clarification of Approved Nontoxic Shot Requirements Under Migratory Bird Hunting Regulations (50 CFR 20.21(j)). While the purpose of the memo was to provide internal clarification regarding the subject matter, that does not mean there are no ramifications regarding hunters.

Based upon the effort taken to ensure all employees are clear on the shot requirements, hunters can be confident that additional attention will be given to the matter come hunting season. Expect USFWS Agents, as well as state partners, to check any suspicious ammunition. If found in possession of unapproved ammunition, hunters can expect to receive a citation for violation of federal and/or state regulations.

• Be sure to check the labels on all shot shells prior to heading into the field.

• If you have any questions regarding its legality, check with USFWS or state officials.

• Check your bags, shotguns, and cases for stray shells that may not be permitted.

• Never possess or use shells without legible labels indicating type, size and composition.